Factors Affecting The Hospitality Industry - 2341 Words

According to the read and digest website, a resort is a place where families intend to spend their holidays or weekends for relaxation or recreation. Usually resorts are commercial establishments like hotels, which are managed by companies. People in urban areas are especially busy all through the week and look for ways to refresh and rejuvenate themselves. Resorts are the perfect place for such people who can happily spend time with their families and also getaway places for birthday parties and theme parties. They are usually located away from the hustle bustle of cities and towns. (read and digest). There are several factors to consider when talking about resorts there are always trends, economic, social/societal, and global issues that are to be considered. Economic Trends Most, if not all, parts of the hospitality industry excel from rises in the world economy, and suffer from the lows (Kapiki), and destination resorts are no exception. During low periods in the economy destination resorts try to lower their prices for customers to be able to still coming, and raise their prices when the economy improves. Destination resorts, however, do not just depend on the world economy. Most destination resorts are located in places called resort towns because the towns rely heavily on the resorts for jobs, outside income, and just about every other aspect of their local economy. In the case of the resorts failing, these towns would either partially or completely collapse, howeverShow MoreRelatedFactors That Impact on and Influence the Organisation Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesFactors that impact on and influence the organisation The business environment is often an uncertain one, where managers are faced with many factors that impact on and influence the organisation. The micro-environment includes suppliers, customers and stakeholders, all of which influence the organisation directly. The macro-environment, however, includes factors that influence the organisation but are out of its direct control. The micro-environment is often determined by the industry theRead MoreThe Sustainability Issues Facing The Hospitality Sector1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Within the service sector, hospitality industry is a broad category of fields that includes event planning, lodging, cruise line, theme parks, transportation and other fields with the industry of tourism. The industry greatly depends upon the availability of disposable income and leisure time. Hospitality industry is a multi-dollar industry with hospitality units such as hotel, amusement parks and restaurants. The hospitality units consist of multi groups such as direct operations (housekeepersRead MorePestel: Hotel Industry1612 Words   |  7 PagesPESTEL/ PESTLE/ PEST Analysis of hospitality industry   Traditionally PESTEL analysis was known as the PEST analysis and only in the modern times did the use of the word PESTLE came into being. Social part of the PEST is split into environmental factors too as those have a significant role in the strategic management these days. Along with that economic factors are split into legal factors for the same previously mentioned reason. Political Environment â€Å"These refer to government policy such asRead MoreFactors Affecting The Demand For Hospitality Services Research Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesWhen analysing the factors affecting the demand for hospitality services research has made clear a few things which have affected and will affect the industry within the near future. 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Competitors in an industry need to adopt different ways of servicing their customers in order to meet current trends and stand out from the rest. Strategy formation is essential when dealing with competition. Porter (1991) names three genericRead MoreTourism Is Defined As A Social, Cultural And Economic Phenomenon1688 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical plant, freedom of choice, service, hospitality and involvement. Physical refers to destination attractiveness thus the site, natural and cultural resource and facilities such as wildlife, waterfall or resort. It also include things such as the physical environment, weather, water quality and the condition of the facilities and structures. Hospitality is reception and entertainment of guests, visitors or strangers with liberality and goodwill. 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People traveling to India to visit the country’s cultural and historical centers are likely to be attracted by __________ factors affecting their decisions to travel. a. push b. pull c. give d. take

Living Life Free Essays

string(57) " messages during class will be asked to leave the class\." [pic] ENC 1101 – 1591 English Composition Semester: Spring 2013 Instructor: Ms. Nancy Fletcher Campus: Sanford/Lake Mary Building: UP Room: 3205 English Office phone: 407-708-2060 Email: FletcherN@seminolestate. edu Days: Monday evening Hours: 6:30 – 9:15pm Credit hours: 3 Prerequisite: College Prep reading and writing requirements must be fulfilled Textbooks: Lunsford, Everything’s An Argument with Readings, 5th ed. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kirszner Mandell, The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, 7th ed. Tensen, Research Strategies for a Digital Age, 4th ed. Course Description: This is a course in the process of expository writing. Students will read essays and compose papers that are unified, organized, logically developed and supported, clearly stated, and well- focused. Research techniques are introduced and incorporated into at least one composition. This course partially satisfies the writing requirement—6,000 words (S. B. E. 6A-10. 30). Students must pass the core assignments with a ‘C’ or better. Course Objectives: Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to †¢ demonstrate competence in written standard English usage, punctuation, sentence structure, paragraphing, and other fundamentals of writing †¢ develop effective essays determined by purpose and audience †¢ demonstrate awareness of writing as a dynamic process ith rough drafts, substantive revisions, proofreading, and editing †¢ recognize, incorporate, and combine pa tterns of exposition/rhetorical modes †¢ use critical and original thinking in course assignments †¢ employ field and library research in the creation of at least one essay, and document using parenthetic MLA format †¢ employ the use of computers for word processing and/or researching all essays Core Assignments: In order to pass ENC1101, students must pass all core assignments with a grade equivalent to a ‘C’ or better. Two in-class timed writings patterned after the CLAST essay †¢ An expository essay. †¢ An argumentative essay. †¢ A library research project on a subject assigned by the instructor (minimum 5 pages) that demonstrates: researching, note-taking drafting; producing a works cited page (5-entry minimum); documenting research using MLA style; formatting using MLA style; editing and proofreading ENC1101 Documentation Exam – score is not included in final grade. Students are required to pass the ENC 1101 Documentation Exam with a score of 70% or higher, or they will be required to retake the exam in the Make-Up Testing Center before receiving a final grade for the course. College Plagiarism Statement: As a member of the Seminole State College community, a student is expected to be honest in all of his or her academic coursework and activities. Academic dishonesty such as cheating of any kind on examinations, course assignments, or projects; plagiarism, representation; and the unauthorized possession of examinations or other course-related materials is prohibited. Plagiarism is unacceptable to the College community. Academic work submitted by students is assumed to be the result of their own thought, research, or self-expression. When students borrow ides, wording, or organization from another source, they are expected to acknowledge that fact in an appropriate manner. Plagiarism is the deliberate use and appropriation of another’s work without identifying the source and trying to pass off such work as the student’s own. Any student who fails to give full credit for ideas or materials taken from another has plagiarized. Any student who shares his or her work for the purpose of cheating on class assignments or tests or who helps another to cheat or plagiarize is subject to the same penalties as the student who commits the act. When cheating or plagiarism has occurred, the instructor may take academic actions ranging from denial of credit for or assigning a grade of ‘F’ for the course. The student may also be subject to further sanctions such as disciplinary probation, suspension, or dismissal from the college. Attendance: check College Catalog online. To summarize: any student who misses more than 10% of the classes can be withdrawn from the course without notice. Requests for an excused absence made after the fact must document an emergency that the student could not anticipate or prevent. Late arrivals (more than 5 minutes) are recorded as an absence and will not be overlooked, since they disrupt the learning process of the other students. Students who leave before the end of the class will be marked absent for that class. A student who has to be absent because of jury duty or court-mandated appearance needs to contact the instructor in advance of the absence in order that a plan for making up work missed can be made. When observance of religious holidays of students’ religious faith interferes with attendance in class, students are required to notify the instructor in advance of such absences. Students are held responsible for material covered during their absences, with reasonable time provided to complete make-up assignments. Seminole State College believes that regular attendance in the classroom is necessary for student success in college. Throughout the semester, quizzes are given to evaluate the student’s understanding of class material and enhance the student’s grade. Because these quizzes are given in an attempt to encourage attendance, no make-up tests are given regardless of the reason for the student’s absence. Withdrawals: The last day to withdraw from class is March 19, 2013. After that date, the student will be given a grade for the course. Grades: All assignments will be evaluated on the basis of a numerical scale 100 – 90A 89 – 80B 79 – 70C 69 – 60D 59 – 0F Your final grade will be determined as follows: In class CORE essay #110% In class CORE essay #210% Memoir CORE essay10% Argumentative CORE essay15% Research CORE essay25% Final Exam5% Group Projects5% Class Participation5% Quizzes10% Blogs5% Class Policies: This course will be presented on Sakai, an online course management system. All written assignments are subject to review by turnitin. com, a plagiarism evaluator. Students will be allowed one opportunity per assignment to revise and resubmit failing CORE assignments except in cases of intentional plagiarism. All resubmissions are due 1 week (7 days) from the due date of the original essay. All out of class assignments submitted by the student must be typed. Any student found to be texting or answering cell phone messages during class will be asked to leave the class. You read "Living Life" in category "Papers" Repeated instances of audible signals from such devices that occur during class are disruptive of the learning process and will be grounds for expulsion of the student from the class for the day that the infraction occurs. No laptop computers in the classroom unless the instructor gives special permission. Seminole State College believes that regular attendance in the classroom is necessary for student success in college. Throughout the semester, quizzes are given to evaluate the student’s understanding of class material and enhance the student’s grade. Because these quizzes are given in an attempt to encourage attendance, no make-up tests are given regardless of the reason for the student’s absence. Should emergency conditions (storms, flooding, etc. ) occur, please contact the College – not the instructor – to see if classes have been cancelled. Calendar This is a tentative schedule that may be changed by the instructor 1/7 Class Discussion Welcome to the class! Reading of the syllabus Sakai introduction MLA formatting for essays Diagnostic essay Memoir CORE essay assigned – Sakai – Module 1 Homework to be completed for the next class Complete the Sakai tutorial Send me an email from your school email account – go to http://www. seminolestate. edu/livemail/ The library can help you if you can’t unlock your account Read Wadsworth page 3 – 7 Purpose Audience and 57 – 65 Paragraphs and 72 – 75 Introductions and Conclusions Read Tensen 5 – 17 Topics and 169 – 175 MLA formatting for essays Choose a topic for the Memoir CORE essay Read â€Å"Writing dialogue† in Sakai Module 1 ——————————————————————————————————– 1/14 Class Discussion Memoir CORE essay topics approved Purpose Audience Unity Coherence Examples of Student Memoirs – Sakai – Module 1 Introductions and Conclusions Writing and using dialogue effectively Blogging Homework to be completed for the next class Read Wadsworth 23 – 24 Topics and 48 – 52 Titles Editing Read Writing Dialogue Punctuating Dialogue Sakai – Module 1 Read In class CORE Essay Hints – Sakai – Module 4 In class CORE essay #1 will be given in the next class. Laptops are encouraged but not required for the next class Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 1/21 Martin Luther King day – School closed ************************************************************************ 1/28 Class Discussion Blog #1 due in Sakai Group fiction project assigned Group meetings Picking a Title Editing your essay Academic Success Center Smarthinking In class Essay Hints In Class CORE Essay #1 today Homework to be completed for the next class Submit your Memoir in Assignments in Sakai by midnight 2/4 Read Developing a Thesis – Module 2 – Sakai Read Topic Sentences – Module 2 – Sakai Read Wadsworth 211 – 219 Plagiarism Practice the Overall Exam Review in ENC 1101 Documentation Tool – under Tests Quizzes – Sakai Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 2/4 Class Discussion Review of submission process – Sakai – Assignments Memoir CORE essay due in Sakai – Assignments Argumentative CORE essay assigned Plagiarism Researching databases – demonstration Thesis statements Topic sentences Homework to be completed for the next class Read Wadsworth 32 Outline and 90 Opposing Argument Read Acknowledging the Opposing Argument – Sakai Module 2 Write a thesis statement for your essay – counts as a quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 2/10 – bring a copy to class Everything’s an Argument 32 – 35, also 53 – 67 Ethos 69 – 93 Logos 39 – 50 Pathos Practice the Overall Exam Review in ENC 1101 Documentation Tool – under Tests Quizzes – Sakai Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 2/11 Class Discussion Blog # 2 due in Sakai Thesis Workshop Ethos, pathos, logos Recognizing the opposition Group 1 Fiction Project/Presentation due in Sakai – Wiki by class time Homework to be completed for the next class Laptops are encouraged but not required for the next class Review Hints for in class essays Read Introductions and Conclusions Sakai – Module 2 Read Everything’s an Argument 32 – 35 Write a paragraph recognizing the opposition – quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 2/17 – bring a copy to class Write a pathos paragraph for your essay – quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 2/17 – bring a copy to class Practice the Overall Exam Review in ENC 1101 Documentation Tool – under Tests Quizzes – Sakai Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 2/18 Class Discussion In Class CORE essay #2 today Recognizing the Opposition Workshop Pathos Workshop Introductions and conclusions Outlining the essay Homework to be completed for the next class Don’t forget to blog! Write an introduction for your essay – quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 2/24 – bring a copy to class Write a conclusion for your essay – quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 2/24 – bring a copy to class Practice the Overall Exam Review in ENC 1101 Documentation Tool – under Tests Quizzes – Sakai ———————————————————————————————————— 2/25 Class Discussion Blog #3 due Introduction Workshop Conclusion Workshop Group 2 Fiction Project/Presentation due in Sakai – Wiki by classtime Researching databases – Reprise Turnitin. com Homework to be completed for the next class Read Everything’s an Argument 172 – 205 Practice the Overall Exam Review in ENC 1101 Documentation Tool – under Tests Quizzes – Sakai Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 3/3 – 3/9 Spring Break – college closed ************************************************************************ 3/11 Class Discussion Blog #4 due Classic, Rogerian and Toulmin Arguments Group 3 Fiction Project/Presentation due in Sakai – Wiki by class time Homework to be completed for the next class MLA Documentation Exam next class – open book – bring a pencil Practice the Overall Exam Review in ENC 1101 Documentation Tool – under Tests Quizzes – Sakai Laptops are recommended but not required for the next class ———————————————————————————————————— 3/18 Class Discussion Library day – grade conferences available Make up in class CORE essays today MLA Documentation Exam – open book – bring a pencil Homework to be completed for the next class Create a works cited for your argumentative essay and bring to class Prepare presentation of your group’s argument Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 3/19 Last day to withdraw from class ———————————————————————————————————— 3/25 Class Discussion Works Cited Workshop Blog #5 due Group 4 Fiction Project/Presentation due in Sakai – Wiki by class time Homework to be completed for the next class Argumentative CORE essay due 4/1 in Sakai – Assignments Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 4/1 Class Discussion Argumentative CORE Essay due in Sakai – Assignments Research CORE Essay Assigned Homework to be completed for the next class Write a thesis statement for your essay – counts as quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 4/7 – bring a copy to class Don’t forget to blog! —————————————————————————— ———â €”—————– 4/8 Class Discussion Thesis Workshop for the Research CORE Essay Outlining your Essay Blog #6 due Group 5 Fiction Project/Presentation due in Sakai – Wiki by classtime Homework to be completed for the next class Write an outline for your essay – counts as quiz grade – must be submitted in Sakai by midnight on 4/14 Read Help With Annotated Bibliography – Sakai – Module 3 Read Tensen 81 – 88 Read Summary – Module 3 – Sakai Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 4/15 Class Discussion Outline Workshop Annotated Bibliography Summarizing – in class quiz Evaluating resources Primary and secondary resources – interviews Homework to be completed for the next class Write your Annotated Bibliography and submit in Sakai by midnight on 4/22 – quiz grade Read Wadsworth 154 – 163 Read Tensen 103 – 111 Don’t forget to blog! ———————————————————————————————————— 4/22 Class Discussion Group Research Project Annotated Bibliography Workshop Research CORE Essay due in Sakai – Assignments Blog #7 Review for the final exam How to cite Living Life, Papers

Legacy Media and Digital Media

Question: Discuss about the Legacy Media and Digital Media. Answer: Relationship between legacy and digital media Current media market in the field of competitive business market put emphasis on the external references more than that of the internal references. The legendary media is known as the traditional media or the legacy media. There is a relationship between legacy media and digital media as the emergence of digital media is originated from the legacy media. However, there are both similarities and dissimilarities. The essay focuses on the points of distinction of the both legacy media and digital media (Hobbs and Jensen 2013). It can be pointed that the nature of the audiences of both types of media is quite different from one another. The points of distinction are in terms of brand loyalty, income, news consumption profiles, socio-demographic background, etc (Hansen 2012). Key characteristics of distinction between digital media from legacy media The point of differences of the legacy media and digital media will be explained in the essay in a detailed manner with references in real life companies. Considering Customer relations, in terms of legacy media, customer relations are not maintained at all. In this segment, actions are mandatory in order to answer the query of the target customers. On the other hand, in case of digital media, the strategies that are commenced by the companies are more of customized rather than generalized (Lewis and Westlund 2015). It can be said that, the digital world has set a new standards for every followers of the page. Scalability In terms of scalability, the scalability of the legacy media is very marginal and structurally limited. They are rarely scalable and are barely sustainable in nature. On the contrary, the digital media are scalable in nature that is the main reason of attracting more customers towards the company. Digital media are considered as the measure of success while formulating individual strategies (Westlund 2013). Agility Considering agility, the agility of the legacy media of a company is almost nil. It is the consequence of the adverse business environment and ossified structures. The digital media comparing to the legacy media are agile in nature. The content of the digital media like the social media platforms are flexible in nature. Content can be changed in a regular basis so as to meet the goals of the digital media team of an enterprise (Kim and Ko 2012). Flexibility is present so the rate of attracting customers and conversion of followers into potential customers is more. Approach of timing In terms of approach of timing, in legacy media, the approach is mostly short time in nature. The aim of legacy media is to earn money as early as possible by covering the detriments of growth. In this situation, the digital media takes long term approach in order to accomplish the goals of attracting more customers (Belk 2013). It is the responsibility of the digital managers for conversion of followers into potential customers. Hence, it takes time. Resource allocation In terms of resource allocation, legacy media is characterized by shortsightedness of the resource allocation. Resource allocation is done on the beginning of the creation of the different traditional media for the company. Planning is usually made before implementation of the traditional or legacy media in the different locations. In terms of digital media, resource allocation is done in order to reach success to the target of increasing followers (Maciel and Pereira 2013). Mobile friendliness of the different media In case of mobile friendliness of the different media, nowadays, the legacy media are also going digital so that they can reach to the target customers. The distribution channels of the legacy media and digital media are different from one another. Nowadays, it can be seen that the different traditional media such as print media, radio broadcast, and television channels have their applications available in the Google Playstore and windows that can be accessed by the users of the mobile phones. Hence, they are getting mobile friendly in this category of the digital media implementation (Lewis and Westlund 2015). However, if we consider the mobile friendliness of the social media channels then they are different from the strategies adopted by legacy media. Revenue generation In the circumstances of revenue generation, both the media channels are the areas in terms of revenue collection. These two forms of media are of different nature and are responsible for earning revenue for the company. The companies that are going global invest huge both in terms of traditional or legacy media and in terms of digital media (Gershon 2013). However, the results of revenue generation are differs from one company to another company. Hence, it can be said that both are valuable in certain circumstances. Efficiency In terms of efficiency, both legacy media have different sets of reach and digital media have different sets of reach. The target customers of both forms of media are different. It is already mentioned earlier that the nature of the target customers are different (Donohue 2014). However, there are many surveys that has conducted by many renowned market research companies have pointed out that most of the companies have voted the digital media as more efficient form in terms of conversion of target consumers into potential customers of the particular company (Hansen 2012). Community Building In the field of community building, it is the trend that is followed by majority of the business entity worldwide. The trend incorporates different strategies using in both legacy media and digital media. The legacy media incorporates journalism in order to build community related to the company. The persons involved in it are distributed content editor, audience development manager and growth editor (Dahlgren 2013). Long-term loyalty is the main target of the global companies as well as the domestic companies of the various companies. Digital media on the other hand is considered as the most effective form of community building as it deals with the followers. New possibilities of digital media In terms of daily life, people are related to both legacy media and digital media. It is pointed out that the young generations are more addicted to social media channels along with following the latest trends. On the other hand, people of older generation are more addicted with the legacy media compared to digital media. However, the success of business depends on much complex nature of the media. For instance, new media entities are focusing on the various types of platform specific metrics. The metrics belong to different social media platforms, and content of the media channels. Hence, both have a similar degree of effect in the modern business world. References Belk, R.W., 2013. Extended self in a digital world.Journal of Consumer Research,40(3), pp.477-500. Dahlgren, P., 2013.Young citizens and new media: Learning for democratic participation. Routledge. Donohue, C. ed., 2014.Technology and digital media in the early years: Tools for teaching and learning. Routledge. Gershon, R.A., 2013. Digital media innovation and the Apple iPad: Three perspectives on the future of computer tablets and news delivery.Journal of Media Business Studies,10(1), pp.41-61. Hansen, M.B., 2012.Bodies in code: Interfaces with digital media. Routledge. Hobbs, R. and Jensen, A., 2013. The past, present, and future of media literacy education.Journal of Media Literacy Education,1(1), p.1. Kim, A.J. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1480-1486. Lewis, S.C. and Westlund, O., 2015. Actors, actants, audiences, and activities in cross-media news work: A matrix and a research agenda.Digital Journalism,3(1), pp.19-37. Maciel, C. and Pereira, V., 2013.Digital legacy and interaction. Springer, Heidelberg. Westlund, O., 2013. Mobile news: A review and model of journalism in an age of mobile media.Digital Journalism,1(1), pp.6-26.

Zara the Technology Giant of the Fashion World free essay sample

ZARA: The technology giant of the Fashion World ZARA. Zara is the first word hitting your mind when you are thinking about fast fashion. But who is Zara? Zara is the flagship brand of the Spanish retail group Inditex SA, one of the super-heated performers in soft retail market in the recent years. Inditex welcomes shoppers at its eight store formats – Zara, Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara home and Uterque. However, Zara is its main concept. The company’s history began with a small shop in La Coruna, back in 1975, and turned into a global retailer today expanding at a dizzying pace. Nowadays, Zara has about 1557 stores in 78 countries. But what led Inditex, and especially Zara to the domination of its industry? The answer is not that simple. Zara’s success is as much a result of its history and location, as its counter-intuitive business strategies. While it may not be possible for another company to exactly duplicate the conditions under which Zara grew and flourished we can certainly try and learn from its experiences, its processes and its business structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara the Technology Giant of the Fashion World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What sets Zara apart from many of its competitors in terms of profits and sales, is a combination of both excellent management and marketing strategies. We can say there are three key success factors that differentiate Zara from its competition. First of all, the main advantage of Zara is the fact that it offers the latest trends of fashion in moderate prices. Everyone can buy stylish designs that resemble those of the biggest fashion houses without spending a fortune. Zara’s philosophy is to respond to new trends really quickly than setting a new trend Another advantage is that, the company has the ability to identify and catch the latest fashion trends and create products that clients want at that time ,due to its high-tech information system. Moreover, Zara can get those products onto shelves much faster and more frequently than the industry norm. For example, Zara can take a product from concept through design, manufacturing and store shelf placement in two weeks. In comparison, most retailers of comparable size or even smaller, work on timelines that stretch into 4-12 months. The third success factor is exclusivity. Zara produces smaller batches of items because of the frequency it introduces new products. This means customers can find new products in limited supplies, which means exclusivity. This is a unique benefit from a mass-market retailer and as a result it draws young fashionistas, who want to feel special, as a magnet. In combination these three factors keep the store looking fresh and desirable. This is what makes Zara so different. It is important to report that Zara has dominated the fast fashion industry by having no advertising policy. The company’s advertising accounts just 0-0. 3% of its sales while its competitors spend about 3. 5%. Zara just prefers to invest in new shops around the world and get advertised through its brand by doing no more than meeting a market need. It has achieved this without any advertising or promotion and without outsourcing its manufacturing to countries where labour is cheap. Zara’s growth is not only a combination of all the above†¦Zara’s success is rather a matter of innovation on their business model. In order to understand that we have to take a closer look at the internal processes and management procedures, starting aou with its information system.

Astronomy 101 - Learning About Stars

Astronomy 101 - Learning About Stars Astronomers are often asked about objects in the cosmos and how they came to be. Stars, in particular, fascinate many people, particularly because we can look out on a dark night and see so many of them. So, what are they? Stars are massive shining spheres of hot gas. Those stars you see with your naked eye in the night sky all belong to the Milky Way Galaxy, the huge system of stars that contains our solar system. There are around 5,000 stars which can be seen with the naked eye, though not all stars are visible at all times and places. With a small telescope, hundreds of thousands of stars can be seen. Larger telescopes can show millions of galaxies, which can have upwards of a trillion or more stars. There are more than 1 x 1022 stars in the universe (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000). Many are so large that if they took our Suns place, they would engulf Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Others, called white dwarf stars, are around the size of Earth, and neutron stars are less than about 16 kilometers (10 miles) in diameter. Our Sun is about 93 million miles from Earth, 1 astronomical Unit (AU). The difference in its appearance from the stars visible in the night sky is due to its close proximity. The next closest star is Proxima Centauri, 4.2 light-years (40.1 trillion kilometers (20 trillion miles) from Earth. Stars come in a wide variety of colors, ranging from deep red, through orange and yellow to an intense white-blue. The color of a star depends on its temperature. Cooler stars tend to be red, while the hottest ones are blue. Stars are classified many ways, including by their brightness. They are also divided into brightness groups, which are called magnitudes. Each star magnitude is 2.5 times brighter than the next lower star. The brightest stars now represented by negative numbers and they can be dimmer than 31st magnitude.   Stars - Stars - Stars Stars are primarily made of hydrogen, smaller amounts of helium, and trace amounts of other elements. Even the most abundant of the other elements present in stars (oxygen, carbon, neon, and nitrogen) are only present in very small quantities. Despite the frequent use of phrases like the emptiness of space, space is actually full of gases and dust. This material gets compressed by collisions and blast waves from exploding stars, causing lumps of matter to form. If the gravity of these protostellar objects is strong enough, they can pull in other matter for fuels. As they continue to compress, their internal temperatures rise to the point where hydrogen ignites in thermonuclear fusion. While the gravity continues pulling, trying to collapse the star into the smallest possible size, the fusion stabilizes it, preventing further contraction. Thus, a great struggle ensues for the life of the star, as each force continues to push or pull. How Do Stars Produce Light, Heat, and Energy? There are a number of different processes (thermonuclear fusion) which make stars produce light, heat and energy. The most common happens when four hydrogen atoms combine into a helium atom. This releases energy, which is converted to light and heat. Eventually, most of the fuel, hydrogen, is exhausted. As the fuel begins to run out, the strength of the thermonuclear fusion reaction declines. Soon (relatively speaking), gravity will win and the star will collapse under its own weight. At that time, it becomes what is known as a white dwarf. As the fuel further depletes and reaction stops all together, it will collapse further, into a black dwarf. This process can take billions and billions of years to complete. Toward the end of the twentieth century, astronomers began to discover planets orbiting other stars. Because planets are so much smaller and fainter than stars, they are difficult to detect and impossible to see, so how do scientists find them? They measure tiny wobbles in a star’s motion caused by the gravitational pull of the planets. Although no Earth-like planets have been discovered yet, scientists are hopeful. Next lesson, well take a closer look at some of these balls of gas.

Descriptive Essay Writing

Descriptive Essay Writing Descriptive Essay Writing Descriptive Essay Writing Writing an essay is the most effective way to develop writing and thinking skills. As you already know, descriptive essay writing is an integral part of educational process in any institution. The purpose of descriptive essay writing is to deepen obtained in the course theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge on the study discipline, to inculcate skills for self-study material on the selected topic, and to teach to collect, to study and to synthesize material sources. In addition, descriptive essay writing helps to expand the presentation of the students on those sections of the course that were studied. College essay should be written on the basis of carefully examined sources, collected and processed material. Essay can be a creative work on the free topic (e.g. 'What I know about political scientist profession', 'Why does political scientist need historical knowledge' ), or on any other issue. Used material must be reworked and organically linked to a student chosen topic. Topic presentation must be specific and saturated with actual data. Attention should be drawn to the language and style of essay writing. College descriptive essay must be logically linked and have logical transitions between distinct parts, and within the text. English essay content must have a single road - all paragraph should be linked, complement and enhance one another. Essay Writing Tips Obligatory requirements to the English essay writing: Presence of the personal position and ability to defend/prove it. Clarity, including terminological. Sequence of material presentation and absence of inconsistent assertions. Depth of investigation of the topic and complete disclosure. Creativity and originality of conclusions. Evidence and wealth of factual material. Clear material structure that includes obligatory presence of introduction and conclusion; Help to Write an Essay Descriptive essay structure consists of the content, introduction, the main part, the conclusion. Introduction is the structural part of the main text. It is an initial paragraph that brings the essence of essay issue. You need to formulate the relevance and importance of selected topic, the degree of your knowledge, and include the objective of writing. Conclusion is the last paragraph that summarizes the main ideas and restates thesis statement written in the introduction. The number of the used literature for descriptive English essay depends on the degree of knowledge on the topic and the raised problem. Selection of literature for college essay writing is independent work the success of which depends on the ability to use catalogs, directories and bibliographic resources. Descriptive essay writing might seem easy, however, not all students possess good writing skills. You are welcome to become the customer of and we will write custom essay for you on any topic and of any complexity!

Without positive freedom, it is impossible to lead a valuable life. Do Essay

Without positive freedom, it is impossible to lead a valuable life. Do you agree - Essay Example Therefore, it is true that valuable life might not be achieved in absence of positive freedom, people need to choose the course of their life and destiny without restrictions, freedom is essential also where individual potential is harnessed for the benefit of the whole society although in the process of enjoying this freedom care should be taken to make sure that other peoples liberty is not violated. In the process of enjoying positive freedom equity in opportunity must be regulated or observed, state may intervene to enforce equity and root out other social evils due to positive freedom (Raz, 1988). In a nutshell, complete absence of positive freedom leads to bad and impossible valuable life because every individual wants to operate in an environment which they feel free not intimidating surroundings, this will increase their productivity that in return improve the living condition and life at large for the whole society. A society that feels able to function without interruption although certain aspects must be observed as mentioned above (MacCallum, 1967). Positive freedom acts as an inner driving force in individuals. This equates and augers well autonomy. At the same time, autonomy many a time equates with several aspects that include individuality, integrity, and freedom of the will, responsibility, and critical reflection. In the same way, factors like self-knowledge, independence, freedom from compulsion, lack of external causation and self assertion play vital roles in perpetuating positive freedom. Different people have got varied notions about the steps that others should take to shape their lives. This is because individuals get involved in activities that portray absence of good morals. It has forced researchers to attempt to identify standing reasons that lie behind dissimilar nature of crimes that individuals commit. Even for all their attempts, the researchers are not able to impose their findings about criminology and its associated

History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

History Discussion - Research Paper Example The events in France shaped the American society in that during this time, American people thought that it was justifiable and right for United States to go into war on behalf of France in a move that would be seen as returning the favor France had done to them by assisting America during the American Revolution. Most people in America did not know the extent of terror in France believing it to be a revolution. Most Americans reasoned that the terror in France was a temporary exuberance of the spirit of the revolution and would soon settle down. Under the leadership of George Washington, America was not ready to enter a foreign war. Washington was aware that America had no enough to engage in the war and was still struggling to unite and bring its own citizens under the control of the federal government. Despite this, the United States could not keep out of the war because Britain continued to humiliate U.S in many aspects. Several issues made the United States of America declare war on Great Britain (Hickey 67). The continuous impressments of U.S sailors, the British attack on Chesapeake Bay, disputes over the Northwest Territories, the British blockade of France during Napoleonic war and the border with Canada, trade restrictions by the British on Americans impeded American trade with France and this could adversely affect the economy of the U.S. The Great Britain navy ships oftenly stopped the U.S trade and merchant ships and at the end impressed their sailors. The United States was not happy with this behavior because sailor’s impressments meant that U.S sailors and merchants were forced to work as slaves aboard British ships. Impressed sailors never returned home since they were coerced to labor for the British navy. Another factor that led to declaration of war was that Britain continued to work with Native Americans in Canada and other territories of the U.S with aim of overthrowing the federal government and hinder or stop U.S

Discrimination towards Asians Essay Example for Free

Discrimination towards Asians Essay The expansion of America was a realization within the political and financial elite that there is a need for America to create markets in foreign countries for the American goods. By the turn of the 1890s there was a lot of surplus in goods that we need to penetrate overseas markets to address under consumption and economic crisis. The United States was under the premise that the countries with the largest navies and military force would eventually inherit the earth (Zinn, 1942). Before the election of President William McKinley he said that the American people needs overseas market for the surplus products since the American soil and factories are producing more than what the American people needed. This surplus should be of the advantage of the country since it will bring commercial supremacy. This supremacy led to the expansionist view in politics and even in the naval forces. President Roosevelt created propaganda for expansion in the 1890s together with other political elites who share his expansionist standpoint. Roosevelt was perhaps the greatest expansionist of his time. He was up to penetrate Hawaii, Philippines and China. In 1898, 10% of American goods were sold in the foreign markets which amounted to billions of dollars. By the year 1895, the foreign investment of American Capitalists has reached billions of dollars especially in the steel industry. This further fanned the need for the American capitalists to create overseas markets and this made engaging in war an option. As in the case of Philippines, the conflict between the Spanish conquerors and the Filipino rebels paved way for the intervention of America in the guise of â€Å"generosity†. In 1899, the American government under the presidency of William McKinley sent troops to the Philippines to aide the Filipinos in fighting their war against the Spaniards. Mckinley states four reasons on why he decided to colonize the Philippines. The first was he can’t give the Philippines back to the Spaniards. Second is that he can’t give the Philippines to the French. Third is that he thinks that the Philippines is â€Å"unfit† to govern for themselves and the forth is that he has no choice but to â€Å"adopt† the Filipinos and â€Å"civilize† them (Zinn, 1942). By the term â€Å"civilized† and â€Å"unfit† he was under the notion that Filipinos are savages, uneducated, and unscrupulous. This only shows that even the president of a democratic country thinks lowly of a race that has endured 300 years of oppression and was courageous enough to ouster a government as strong as Spain. The country was under the Spanish rule for more than 300 hundred years and the Filipinos were craving for freedom. The Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo were gaining much power at that time and some historians say that the Filipino people could have won the war without the American intervention. Since the Americans came on cue, just as the war was supposed to end, America took all the credit and branded themselves as heroes and liberator of the country. This scenario is similar to what the United States did to Cuba. When the Cuban rebels sought help from the United States, they sent American troops instead of financial resources (Zinn, 1942). When the Spanish colonizers where defeated, the US did not recognize the efforts of the rebels and took over Cuba. Before the US freed Cuba, they made sure that Platt amendment will be added to the constitution giving the US rights to intervene with the Cuban government. Some US bases where also retained and the Cuban market was remained opened to American exports. In the case of the Philippines, US intervention came in together with education, clothing, healthcare and other basic necessities that were deprived by the Spaniards. Since the Spaniards aimed to suppress education among Filipinos and keep them dependent to their regime, the â€Å"Education for everyone scheme† of the United States was a hit for most of the Filipinos. However the struggle continued for those who seek real independence (Grey, 2003). The expansionist point of view of Americans towards the Philippines was regarded as acts of robbery and oppression by a black soldier designated in the Philippines. It was a bloody war as news articles and journals of soldiers revealed that they shot Filipinos like â€Å"rabbits† including the women and children who were helpless (Zinn, 1942). Discrimination in the political system was also evident since only the Americans hold office and Filipinos where kept at the lower offices of the political structure. Similar to the faith of those non-whites, the Filipino people where discriminated even in today’s society. Due to economic reasons a great percentage of Filipinos are now working abroad as domestic workers. Blue collar jobs such as domestic helpers, construction workers, waiters and etc are the most common employment for Filipinos residing in the United States (Manalansan, 2003). Because of this, stereotypes where based upon the assumption that Filipinos are uneducated and are capable of doing only menial jobs. In fact, in a British dictionary the meaning of the word Filipina is â€Å"domestic helper†. This may be attributed to the fact that 90% of Filipinos working abroad are females. However, we fail to see is that a large percentage of these Filipino workers have a college degree and are in fact educated. Sociology dictates that since Filipinos have been subjected to three colonizers (Spanish, Americans and Japanese) they are by nature patient, enduring and industrious. Thus, doing menial jobs are sacrifices they are willing to make just to alleviate their families current economic status (Manalansan, 2003). Today, the Philippines is the worlds major exporter of manpower especially in health care. Filipino nurses and care givers pride themselves as pioneers in their craft and the country even hails them as the present day heroes. However, when they set foot on the foreign soil, that pride turns to discrimination. Though they are well capable and well trained in nursing, skin color often hinders them from being treated the same way as that of the white nurses. A quote from the TV show Desperate Housewives uttered by Teri Hatcher says: â€Å"Okay, before we go any further, can I check those diplomas because I just wanna make sure that theyre not from some med school in the Philippines. This only supports the fact that Filipinos are still caught under the stereotype that they are incapable and are discriminated upon (Salanga, 2007). In comparison to the African-Americans, Filipinos experience greater amount of discrimination due to the fact that they are smaller, second is the portrayal of the Philippines as a country of terrorists, third is that they are uneducated and forth is that most of them don’t speak good English. But unknown to most Americans is that there is a thriving business of call centers in the Philippines which started in 2000. When we dial customer service and ask for help for a certain product, we might be seeking advice from Filipinos that we discriminate against. The thing is we don’t even notice that they are Filipinos by the way they speak. They are proficient in English and are able to address of plights properly, hence, the notion that Filipinos are dumb serves as an irony. In call centers, we ask for help from Filipinos and not the other way around. At present the Call center industry in the Philippines captures 20% of the world market share in call centers and the Philippine government aims to get 50% of share by the year 2008 (Ortigas Online, 2007). Filipinos today face what sociologists call double jeopardy. Because Filipinos are discriminated, they have difficulty of finding good jobs. It is estimated that a majority of Filipinos in the United States today are still holding blue collar jobs though some of them have white collar jobs. Some have even made it big time in the United States just like the lead singer of the Pussy Cat Dolls who is a Filipino-American (Ezugwu, 2007). Though some have made it up in the economic ladder, Filipinos still comprise the majority in service sectors jobs in the United States. Their poverty reinforces their minority status. Thus, the so-called â€Å"ladder of discrimination† as what sociologists call is also reinforced. Filipinos have the difficulty of upgrading their status by economic means because of these stereotypes. Thus, white Americans always associate Filipinos with poverty, terrorism, violence and ignorance. This then hinders them from alleviating their status and making their chances at getting high paying jobs a lot slimmer as compared to the whites. However, when I check the web and type â€Å"Philippines† in the search box it is amazing how it differs from what the media is projecting. As a country the Philippines has wonderful places and beautiful culture. They are deeply rooted to their religion and values which make them generally warm and happy individuals (Tope, L. Nonan-Mercado, 2007). Their history with the Spaniards taught Filipinos how to be industrious and enduring as they were colonized by Spain for 300 years. These characteristics of Filipinos show in their approach to their work here in the United States. I think the fact that they are willing to occupy menial jobs that most Americans would shun is a manifestation that they are hardworking people. Perhaps it is this realization that led to further acceptance to the Filipino culture and the Filipino people. In the United States there are Filipino communities in every state (The Filipino, 2007) and a lot of Americans prefer to have Filipino wives saying that Filipinos make a loving wife and mother. The country also has a strong president as of pres time and aims to renew the image of the Philippines as a country filled with communists. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo wasfeatured in the Times Magazine for the second time and was hailed as one of the most powerful women in Asia (Spaeth, 2001). Since she is very stern in her fight against terrorism the Philippines and the Filipinos are beginning to portray a wonderful picture in our minds. In addition to that, society has become more lenient as to the case of racism. Many citizens are now aware that skin color or race does not limit a person’s ability to do his job properly. Filipinos, much like the other minority groups should be given the chance to grow and show their abilities. The growing popularity of snit racism and equality has made some impact on the way Filipinos are treated, however it is not yet evident in most cases. Reference http://www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1117-11.htm

The Mantle of the Prophet Essay -- Islamic History, Mothhahedeh

Roy Mottahedeh is a professor of Islamic history at Harvard University. He has written widely in the history of Islam and religion. The Mantle of the Prophet is one of the books that Mottahedeh wrote. In this book, Mottahedeh covers different aspects that include Islamic faith, Iranian city of Qom, traditions derived from the history of Iran, political change in Iran and secular Islamic learning among other issues. Ali Hashemi and Parviz studied together in the same elementary school courtyard. However, each of them took different turns. This paper is a review of The Mantle of the Prophet by Roy Mottahedeh. It will discuss the similarities and differences of the ideologies of Hashemi and Parviz and their oppositions to the Shah. It will also discuss their social backgrounds and cultural influences on their outlook of the world. The book begins with a detailed description of Qom, an Iranian city where Ali Hashemi, the main point of reference, in the book was born. Mottahedeh also describes the Shi’ite faction of the Islamic faith that entails learning and tradition, in Iran. Mottahedeh managed to introduce readers to political climate, history and tradition from the middle of the twentieth century. Mottahedeh recounts the life of Ali Hashemi from his childhood through his education into adulthood. Ali Hashemi is the contemporary mullah of Qom. The book portrays Ali Hashemi as an alias of a mullah in the University of Tehran. This presents Ali Hashemi as a scholar just like Parviz. However, Hashemi is still engrossed in Islamic religion unlike Parviz. Mottahedeh used Hashemi to bring a clear picture of culture and history in Iran, in different times. Mottahedeh used Hashemi to create a scenario that depicts trends and issues that i... ...ries and the 1979 revolution. The author presents Iran through the leadership of mullahs and shah tradition. The book has rich information covering the history of Iran. Mottahedeh managed to develop an impressive book that satisfies the curiosity of a reader wanting to understand the history, culture and political atmosphere of Iran through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century. Roy Parviz Mottahedeh and Ali Hashemi represent two views of Islamic learning and Iranian history and culture. While Ali Hashemi represents a religious view of Islamic learning and history of Iran, Parviz represents a secular view of Islamic learning and ambiguity of culture in Iran. The two views help to bring out the ways in which Islamic religion and culture influenced political atmosphere, in Iran especially at a time when politics in Iran was shaped by religion.

Theories Actually Seen in Practice in Ojt

Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program A. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired I learned the flows and transaction in the Government process. Though, most of the work involves papers in procedural ways. The receiving and releasing of memorandum is very essential in a way that affects the flow of the work and it should be submitted on or before deadline, so as the require data. As I was expose to this environment, it not much different with the projects at schools, terms papers that have deadline and of course you must know what you have on those papers because you might be question for it. B. Theories actually seen in practice In Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), the community and client service exists in theory, but in practice there are few officials who work in it. They have philanthropy theory and giving good intensions for the good but some of it lacks of practice because of its manpower. Though, they have a good goal towards it. C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution The mission and vision of the company is great, it really reflect the needs of the Filipino citizen especially to the youth. It offers vocational courses that can help the youth to find work or build up their own business. In that way, it will lessen the population of unemployed individuals. But as I observe, the processing of its transaction and others are sometimes delayed due to many unfinished transaction. The workers are minimal, and the works are exceeding its normal worker. It leads to unbalanced ratio of work, they lack of manpower. If only they have much worker or officials that only work to specific job at a time, they can render its service with utmost confidentiality and transactions will be process on time. And also with their worker, some of the workers don’t do immediately their work, they will just wait until the deadline is near. And when it is almost the deadline, that’s the time they will tend to the work, sometimes lead to many erasure and errors of data they put on their reports. The result, some of the transaction will be delayed because the worker will be invalid at the moment. D. Benefits gained The things or knowledge that I gained from working in Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is that the government work is not that easy. It has many structure and procedures that must be followed before it is done or implemented. It will go under observation and studies before it is approved from the head of the agency. That’s why, it will takes months or even years before it is practice, some of us citizen’s complain why it’s not implemented directly, or done immediately. The cash flows, the money that are allotted to its specific project. It must liquidate thoroughly, because they will question it, even a single cent that is missing to data. They are very careful with it, especially when the heads of the agency will conduct unnoticed visit to conduct inspection for the cash flows report they have. E. Problems encountered They are various problems that I encounter within the first month I work in, but most of them are repeated actions; error in logging the receiving letters and releasing, error in checking the database in the enrollment and terminal report against the database, error in answering the telephone and mistakes in putting some data in the records room. But I overcome these problems, because it’s just the same old routine every day, so I easily adjust and remember my errors.

E-Research Proposal Hand Book.Pdf

Hand Book Of M. S / M. Phil & Ph. D Research Proposal / Synopsis Compiled By: Mr. Nasir Shaheen Additional Registrar & Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Coordinator M. Phil / Ph. D Programs Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar. e Left Blank Intentionally 4 Preface As a rule, the main components of a research study are nearly the same in all disciplines throughout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and citation are used by the researchers in their research work i. e.APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian etc. Nonetheless, every established university develops its own customized format for its students’ facilitation in presentation of research proposals and theses. This handbook is compiled to facilitate the M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D students of Qurtuba University in developing their research proposals and to bring an overall uniformity in their research proposals. The format suggested in this handbook is mandatory for all M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. students to develop and submit their proposal for approval of Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR).Further, the students are required to prepare their research proposal under the supervision of their respective supervisors. The purpose of the research proposal / synopsis is to help the scholars to focus and define their research plans. A well developed research proposal needs to include certain basic components, in which a number of questions are to be addressed. Why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains are likely to be achieved? What has been done previously in this or related areas? What are the objectives of the study and how these will be achieved? What methodology is to be used to carry out the study?An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a sound research project, which is likely to make a significant contribution in successful completion of M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. research. 1 1 – Preliminary Section 1. 1 Title Page: The title page of the research proposal / synopsis should include title of the research project, name of the student (with qualifications), name of the supervisor(s), place of work and date (month and year) of submission. The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and well formulated in order to show the nature of work involved as far as possible (See Sample) . 2 Certificates: The following certificates should be attached after title page: i – Detailed Marks Sheet (part of the proposal) iii – Approval Certificate (as a part of the proposal / synopsis) 1. 3 (See sample) Table of Contents: List the sections of proposal / synopsis and page references. Use hierarchy of titles and sub titles. 2 2 – Body of Research Proposal / Synopsis 2. 1 Introduction: It should provide a brief description to introduce the area of the proposed research work and provide background information relating to the social / political / historical / educational / organizational (etc) context of the study. . 2 Literature Review: A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information given in the review should be supported by references. The function of the literature review is to show your supervisor and the department that you are aware of significant writers / researchers in the field, and to indicate which issues / topics you will focus on in your review. Literature review is not expected to be extensive for the proposal / synopsis.You should demonstrate critical analysis and your review should be shaped by your argument and should seek to establish your theoretical orientation. 2. 3 Research Problem / Questions: A concise research problem statement that, in one to three sentences, describes specifically what the problem is that you intend to solve. It explains what problems or issues you wish to explore and why you wish to ex plore them. 3 2. 4 Research Objective: The General /Global Objective should state the expected contribution of the research to the general body of knowledge in the subject area.The Specific Objectives should state how specifically the general objectives will be achieved. 2. 5 Hypotheses (Optional): The students may include hypothesis of the study in their proposal depending on the nature of the research. Hypotheses should be in the form of Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternate Hypothesis (H1). 2. 6 Methodology: The Methodology section is very important because it documents how you plan to tackle your research problem. Depending on the nature and the underlying methodological pproach to be adopted for the proposed research work the followings may be documented in this section: Research Design and Method †¢ Indicate which research design is to be adopted/used (if any) †¢ Is the research QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE in nature in terms of the methodology? †¢ Discuss and justi fy your choice of research method †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of the adopted method to your study †¢ Describe how the adopted method will be applied Research Type †¢ Is the research Explorative, Descriptive, Causal or a Case study method? Techniques / Tools /Approaches / Instrumentation/Devices Which techniques, tools/instruments, approaches etc will be adopted and used to develop/produce, present/demonstrate the expected results of the proposed study †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of these techniques /tools / instruments /approaches to your study. 4 †¢ Describe how these techniques/tools/ instruments or approaches will be applied or used Data Collection Methods (if applicable) †¢ Clearly indicate as to whether you are going to use primary or secondary data †¢ Indicate what does primary or secondary data mean (i. e. provide a theoretical perspective). †¢ Identify the secondary data which you are going to use for your study.P opulation and Sampling Procedures (if applicable) †¢ Identify and document the population or reference for the study. In case of different components of the population, clearly indicate this †¢ Discuss the various sampling frames, types and techniques that will be adopted including an indication of the type of statistical data analysis that will be carried out to analyze the results In brief the guiding principle for writing the methodology section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. It may well be the longest section of your proposal. . 7 Significance of the Study: While documenting the significance of the research you need to indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend the frontiers of existing knowledge in the area under investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions may have substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance. The documentation of the sign ificance of the study should, among other things, address the following questions: †¢ What are the specific, significant, unique/major contributions that the proposed research work will make to the area/body of knowledge? What will be the expected results/outcome of the proposed research? †¢ What will be the practical implications/use of the expected results/outcome? †¢ How will the expected results/outcome of the study be implemented, including a statement on its possible impact and on what innovations will come about through its implementation (if any)? 5 †¢ What areas/directions of further/subsequent research work are likely to arise from the expected outcome/findings or results of the proposed study? †¢ What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research work? . 8 Limitation: Document the potential weaknesses or the possible limitations of the expected results/outcome of the proposed study and the limitations of the approaches, procedur es, methods etc to be adopted to achieve the expected results of the proposed study. Also to be included are statements relating to issues, factors beyond the control of the study. 2. 9 References & Bibliography: A section listing relevant references on which the research proposal is based should be included. Only references cited in the text are to be included in the reference list. The tudents of Social Sciences should use APA style for citation while students of Linguistics and Literature should use MLA Style for citation. The student should add the relevant Bibliography in the last part after References in alphabetical order. 2. 10 Student Profile: A comprehensive student profile consisting of bio data, educational qualification and professional background of the student should be the last part of the proposal. The student profile should be made as per suggested format. [see sample] 6 3 – Referencing and Citation – For Social Sciences All the students of Social Sci ences i. . Management Sciences, Political Sciences, International Relations and Education are required to use the following style of referencing and citation in their proposals. (The basic concept is taken from APA style of referencing) 3. 1 Handling Quotes in the Text †¢ Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ Long quotations (more than 40 words) are typed in a double-spaced block with no quotation marks. Indent five spaces and type the entire quotation on the indented margin without the usual opening paragraph indentation.Give citation information in parentheses ( ) after last sentence in block quotation, with no punctuation following parentheses. If you have a quote within a short quote, enclose it in single quotation marks (‘ ‘). If you have a quote within a block quotation, enclose it in double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ †¢ †¢ Ellipsis point s (†¦) are used to indicate material omitted from the body of a quotation, but should not be used at the beginning or end of a quotation. 3. 2 In-Text Citation Citations within the text of your paper refer the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The author’s last name and the publication date are inserted at the appropriate point in the text, following the material cited. Suffixes such as PhD. or Jr. are not included. Works by a single author: If the author is mentioned in the paper, provide the year of publication in ( ) just after the name: Ex: Hacking (1998) covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome. If the author is not mentioned in the paper, at the end of the quote or paraphrase use the author’s last name and the year, separated by a comma:Ex: The article covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome (Hacking, 1998). If both the author and the date are mentioned in the text, a parenthetical reference is not needed. Ex: In a 1993 article, Gould explains Darwin’s most successful theory. 7 For exact quotations, cite specific page numbers following the year. Ex: Emily Bronte â€Å"expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social† (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). For paraphrased passages, page numbers are encouraged, but not required. The year is required. For an online source with no pagination:If page numbers are not provided on an electronic source, use the abbreviation â€Å"para. † to indicate the paragraph location of direct quotes. Ex: In exchange for that cooperation, authorities have recommended a sentence of 15 years in prison (Hayes, 2009, para. 4). Works by two authors: Provide the last names of both authors. Use the word â€Å"and† to separate the names in the sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the parenthetical citation. Ex: As Sul livan and Thomas (1998) point out†¦ Ex: The turmoil in the Middle East is the result of politics (Sullivan & Thomas, 1998). Works by more than two authors:Use the last names of all authors in the first citation. Then, in all following citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by â€Å"et al. † Ex: Writing becomes better as the child matures (Britton, Thomas, & Miller, 1996). Ex: According to Britton et al. (1996), a child s writing improves over time. Works with no author identified: When a work has no author identified, cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicize the title of a periodical or book; use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.Ex: in the book Language Use (1991). Ex: article on language use (â€Å"World languages,† 1993). Secondary Sources: When a work mentions another, previously published work, acknowledge the o riginal author in your text, but give the source you are using in the reference list. Use the phrase â€Å"as cited in† for your in-text reference. Ex: As Villa points out, â€Å"Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low† (as cited in Affleck, Allen, & Della, 1996). Personal Communication (Including letters, e-mail, and interviews): Do not add this information to your reference list. You should cite the information in text only.Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact date: Ex: L. J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2009). Ex: (A. N. Jones, personal communication, March 18, 2009). 8 3. 3 Reference List: BOOKS Note: In titles of books in the reference list, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns. Author’s name. (publication date). Title. City and state of publication: Publisher. Books by one author Ex: Alvarez, M. (1999). The trip wi thin. New York, NY: Random House. In-text citation: (Alvarez, 1999). Books by two to even authors Authors’ names in the order in which they appear. (date). Title of publication. City and state: Publisher. Ex: Strunk, W. , Jr. , Jones, T. , & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed. ). New York, NY: Macmillan. In-text citation: (Strunk, Jones, & White, 1979). List the first six authors, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last Author’s name. Books with 8 or more authors Ex: Engberg, M. , Dugan, J. P. , Haworth, J. , Williams, T. , Kelly, B. , Johnson, W. , †¦ Stewart, S. (2009). Navigating the complexity of higher education in preparation program administration.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. First in-text citation: (Engberg, Dugan, Haworth, Williams, Kelly, Johnson, Smith, & Stewart, 2009). Subsequent in-text citations: (Engberg, et al. , 2009). Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name. Books by a group, (date). Tit le. City: Publisher (When the author and publisher are institutional, or the same, use the word â€Å"Author† as the name of the publisher). corporate authors Ex: Springhouse Corporation. (2002). Assessment made incredibly easy. Springhouse, PA: Author. In-text citation: (Springhouse Corporation, 2002).For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the name of the editor (or editors) followed by the abbreviation â€Å"Ed. † (or â€Å"Eds. † for more than one editor) in parentheses. Books with Editors Ex: Duncan, G. J. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds. ). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. In-text citation: (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997). 9 Ex: Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well- being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds. ), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press. In-text citation: (Haybron, 2008).Cite as you normally would, but add information about the e ditor in parentheses after the book title. A book written by an Ex: Plath, Sylvia. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed. ). author but overseen by an New York, NY: Anchor. editor For a book with a chapter written by an author but edited by another person In-text citation: (Plath, 2000). 3. 4 Reference List: ARTICLES Author’s name. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In Editors (Eds. ), Title of reference book. (Vol. #, pp. #). Location: Publisher. Article or entry in a reference book Ex: Field, T. (2002). Child abuse and neglect. In A. Kazdin (Ed. , Encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 2, pp. 61-65). Washington, D. C. : Oxford. In-text citation: (Field, 2002). Ex: Schizophrenia. (1983). In A. Kazdin (Ed. ), The encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 10, p. 104). New York, NY: Wiley. In-text citation: (Schizophrenia, 1983). Scholarly journals are often published by volume, and page numbers may continue throughout the year instead of beginning each issue with page 1. After t he italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also italicized, but do not use Vol. ) followed by the page numbers at the end of the citation (do not use pp. ) Articles in scholarly Author(s). (date).Title of article. Title of Periodical or Journal, volume journals and periodicals #, page #s. paginated by volume Ex: Spitch, M. L. , Verzy, H. N. , & Wilkie, D. M. (1993). Subjective shortening: A model of pigeon s memory for event duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 14-66. Articles in journals paginated by issues In-text citation: (Spitch, Verzy, & Wilkie, 1993). When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include the issue number in paranthesesAuthor. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume # (issue #), page #s. Ex: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 0 News magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. Note the month (and date, if given), along with the year. Remember to include vo lume and issue numbers if available. Articles in magazines (7. 01. 7) Articles in newspapers (7. 01. 7) Ex: Cortese, A. (1998, January 26). There’s more than one way to play monopoly. Business Week, 3562(1), 36. In-text citation: (Cortese, 1998). Begin with the name of the author, if one is given, followed by the year, month, and day of publication. Page numbers are introduced with â€Å"p. † (or â€Å"pp. † for multiple pages). Ex: Haney, D. Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery of appetite.The Oregonian, pp. A1, A17. In-text citation: (Haney, 1998). 3. 5 Reference List: ELECTRONIC SOURCES (Including: Web sites, electronic books, Pro Quest, EBSCO host and other library databases) If you cannot find some of this information for your reference, cite what is available. Note: The updated guidelines for electronic sources state that the digital object identifier number (DOI) must be included if one is assigned. â€Å"A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet† (American Psychological Association, 2010, 189).Note: If a DOI is available, use it at the end of a citation. If it is not available, use the URL of the web site from which the information was retrieved. Note: Retrieval dates are only necessary if the information will prove difficult to find again due to revision (ex. Wikis). Note: Titles of documents or articles are not in italics and only the first word is capitalized. Titles of journals and other periodicals are to be written in italics and all major words are capitalized. Titles of web sites are capitalized but not in italics. 11 Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of document. Retrieved from electronic addressEx: Shiltz, T. (2002). Strategies for prevention and early intervention of male eating disorders. Retrieved from http://nationaleatingdisorders. org/p. asp? WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID= 41172 Web sit e (Not a periodical article) Articles from an online journal Articles from an online magazine U. S. government report from a government agency Web site An online video In text citation: (Shiltz, 2002). Ex: Butler, Heidi. (2009, November 19). Pennsylvania professor of the year. Retrieved from http://www. northampton. edu/Northampton- NOW/What-anHonor. htm In text citation: When referring to a specific piece of nformation, include paragraph numbers in the reference. Use â€Å"para. † Example: (Butler, 2003, paras. 2-3). Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), pages if available. Retrieved from electronic address Ex: Royce, W. S. , Gebelt, J. L. , & Duff, R. W. (2003). Female athletes: Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 5662. Retrieved from http://www. athleticinsight. com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthl etes. htm In text citation: (Royce, Gebelt, & Duff, 2003). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of artic le. Title of Magazine, Volume Number (if given) (Issue Number), page(s).Retrieved from electronic address. Ex: Rauch, J. (2002, May). The marrying kind. The Atlantic Online, 289(5). Retrieved from http://www. theatlantic. com/issues/2002/05/rauch. htm In text citation: (Rauch, 2002). Ex: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. (2002). ATF accountability report, 2001. Retrieved from http://www. atf. gov/pub/gen_pub/2001annrpt/fy2001an nrpt. pdf In text citation: First citation: (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms [ATF], 2002). Second and subsequent citations: (ATF, 2002). Ex: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retreived from 2 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vja83KLQXZs A blog post In-text citation: (Norton, 2006). Ex: Grohol, J. M. (2009, November 17). The psychology of terrorism [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2009/11/17/thepsychology-of-terrorism/ In-text citation: (Grohol, 20 09). Author(s). (Year of publication). Title [information about format or version if available]. doi or website that document was retrieved from. Online Book (E-Book) Ex: Thompson, Art. (1997). The stompbox. Retrieved from http://www. netlibrary. com/ In text citation: (Thompson, 1997). Ex: Schinraldi, G. R. (2001).The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10. 1036/0071393722 In text citation: (Schinraldi, 2001). 3. 6 Reference List: MEDIA Single episode from television series Video Ex: Astrof, J. & Ottesen, P. (Writers), & Burrows, J. (Director). (1994). The one with the blackout [Television series episode]. In K. Bright, M. Kauffman, & D. Crane (Executive producers), Friends. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. In-text citation: (Astrof, Ottesen, & Burrows, 1994). Ex: Thomas, J. & McLaren, M. (Producers), & Linklater, R. (Director). (2006).Fast Food Nation [DVD]. Beverly Hills, CA: Twenti eth Century Fox Home Entertainment. In-text citation: (Thomas, McLaren, & Linklater, 2006). 13 3. 7 Reference List: GENERAL REFERENCE DATABASES Please note: The name of the database used and the date the article was retrieved is no longer needed. Including: Britannica Online, Credo Reference, and Gale Virtual Reference Library Child care. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com In text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2001). Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Parent-child relationships. In B. Strickland (Ed. ), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed. pp. 473477). Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com In text citation: (Steinberg, 2001) 3. 8 Reference List: GENERAL SUBJECT DATABASES General reference format: Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx. xxxxxxxxxx Please note: If there is not a digital object identification number (DOI), include the home page of the database in the reference. Use this format: Retrieved from http://www†¦ Including: Pro Quest Central and EBSCOhost Examples (without DOI): Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 452-454.Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: (Edmondson, 2002). Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , & Porterfield, K. (2003, Summer). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry, 66(2), 168. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: First citation: (Saldinger, Cain, & Porterfield, 2003). Subsequent citations: (Saldinger et al. , 2003). Example (with DOI): Fox, K. , Gover, A. , & Kaukinen, C. (2009). The effects of low self-control and childhood maltreatment on stalking victimization among men and women. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3/4), 181-197. doi:10. 007/s12103009-9064-4 In text citation: (Fox, Gover & Kaukinen, 2009 14 3. 9 Reference List: CURRENT/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES DATABASES CQ Research er Clemmitt, M. (2009, August 28). Health-care reform. CQ Researcher, 19, 693-716. Retrieved from http://library. cqpress. com In-text citation: (Clemmitt, 2009) (magazine—â€Å"Issues and Controversies†) Child care. (2009, October 22). Issues and Controversies on File. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2009) Facts on File (magazine—â€Å"Today’s Science†) A reverse on reverse revolution? (2009, November). Today’s Science. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. comIn-text citation: (â€Å"A reverse on reverse revolution? ,† 2009) (â€Å"World News Digest†) Swine flu: U. S. begins vaccinations. (2009, October 15). Facts on File World News Digest. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Swine flu,† 2009) Horrigan, J. B. (2003). The Internet fosters online communities. In J. D. Torr (Ed. ), Current Controversies: The Information Age (n. p. ). San Diego, C A: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Horrigan, 2003) Opposing Viewpoints ACLU urges Senate committee. (1999). In T. O Neill (Ed. ), Opposing Viewpoints Digests Series: Biomedical Ethics (n. . ). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (â€Å"ACLU urges Senate committee,† 1999). Epstein, E. (2005, March 23). Left and right united to challenge Patriot Act provisions. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Epstein, 2005) 15 3. 10 Reference List: SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DATABASES Access Science Ex: Stack, S. M. & Anderson, L. K. Chromosome. doi:10. 1036/1097-8542. 134900 In text citation: (Stack & Anderson, 2000). The African American Experience Ex: Loucky, J. , Armstrong, J. , & Estrada, L. J. (2006). Asylum.In Immigration in America today: An encyclopedia (n. p. ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved from http://aae. greenwood. com In text citation: (Loucky, Armstrong, & Estrada, 2006). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of report (Accession No. xx). Location: Publisher. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com Ex: Unruh, D. , Bullis, M. , Todis, B. , Waintrup, M. , Atkins, T. , & National Center on Secondary Education and Transition. (2007). Programs and practices for special education students in alternative education settings (Accession No. ED495869). Research to Practice Brief 6(1). National Center on SecondaryEducation and Transition (NCSET), University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com ERIC First in text citation: (Unruh, Bullis, Todis, Waintrup, Atkins, & National Center on Secondary Education and Transittion, 2001). Subsequent citations: (Unruh et al. , 2001). Ex: Dunlap, G. , & Bunton-Pierce, M. (1999). Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Accession No. Washington, D. C. : Office of ED436068). Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED). Retrieved fr om http://search. ebscohost. com In text citation: (Dunlap & Bunton-Pierce, 1999). 16 History Databases: US Ex: O’Brien, P. (2000).Viewpoint: Yes, internment of Japanese Americans was necessary for national security because some of them were suspected of disloyalty (Document No. BT2306200089). In R. J. Allison (Ed. ), History in dispute: Vol. 3. American social and political movements, 1900-1945. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://galenet. galegroup. com In-text citation: (O’Brien, 2000). Hoover’s Online Ex: Murray, B. (n. d. ). Just Born Inc. Retrieved from http://premium. hoovers. com In-text citation: (Murray, n. d. ). CINAHL Ex: Frame, K. (2003). Empowering preadolescents with ADHD: Demons or delights (Accession No. 2003096143).Advances in Nursing Science 26(2), 131-139. Retrieved from search. ebscohost. com In-text citation: (Frame, 2003). PsycArticles Ex: Alderfer, C. P. (2003). The science and nonscience of Psychologists’ responses t o The Bell Curve. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(3). 287-293. doi:10. 1037/0735-7028. 34. 3. 287 In-text citation: (Alderfer, 2003). PubMed Central Ex: Weiss, M. , & Murray, C. (2003). Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(6). 715-722. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov In-text citation: (Weiss & Murray, 2003).Westlaw Campus Ex: Lobel, J. (2002). The war on terrorism and civil liberties. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. Retrieved from http://campus. westlaw. com In-text citation: (Lobel, 2002). 17 4 – Referencing and Citation – For Literature and Linguistics Reference citation in the text should be as follows. The citation should be as brief as possible while directing the reader to the correct reference. †¢ †¢ More than one author with same name Add the first initial (or full first name if initial is the same): (A. Patterson 183; L. Patterso n 230) †¢ Two or three authors Give all author names: (Rabking, Greenberg, and Olander vii) †¢ 4. 1Single author Simply use Name followed by any relevant page number: (Marcuse 197) In text: Tannen has argued this point (178–85) More than three authors Follow the bibliographic entry: (Lauter et al. 2425) or all last names if given Books A Book by a Single Author Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, 2002. An Anthology or a Compilation Lopate, Phillip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994. Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference: The Story of Czechoslovakia in the Words of Its Writers.Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992. Two or More Books by the Same Author (Use three hyphens followed by period and then title, or comma and ed. †¦ if necessary) Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, a nd Moore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979. —, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967. —, ed. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963. 18 A Book by Two or More Authors Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997. If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. â€Å"and others†), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page. Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Or Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Repeat names in full if the same person is part of a different authorship. Do not use three hyphens unless the total authorship is the same A Book by a Corporate Author American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Layman. New York: Random, 1989.A Work in an Anthology Allende, Isabel. â€Å"Toad’s Mouth. † Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83–88. Often the works in anthologies have been published before. If you wish to inform your reader of the date when a previously published piece other than a scholarly article first appeared, you may follow the title of the piece with the year of original publication and a period. Franklin, Benjamin. â€Å"Emigration to America. † 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed. Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992. 24–26.An Article in a Reference Book â€Å"Noon†. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Mohanty, Jitendra M. â€Å"Indian Philosophy. † The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword or an Afterword Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 1923–1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv–xvi. If the introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title, enclosed in 19 quotation marks, immediately before the name of the part. Brodsky, Joseph. â€Å"Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality. † Foreword. Winter Dialogue .By Tomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston: HydraNorthwestern UP, 1997. vii– xviii. An Anonymous Book Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. A Translation Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: Norton, 2001. Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York: Penguin, 2001. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition Bondanella, Peter. Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present. 3rd ed. New York: Continuum, 2001. A Multivolume Work Blanco, Richard L. , ed. The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyc lopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.Crane, Stephen. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson Bowers. 10 vols. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1969–76. If you are using one volume of a multivolume work state the number of the volume: Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge UP, 2000. A Book in a Series Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Trans. Jack Schmitt. Latin Amer. Lit. and Culture 7. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. A Republished Book Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf-Random, 2001. A Book with Multiple Publishers Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992. A Government Publication Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Dept. of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal for Rural England. London: HMSO, 2000. New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the T wenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First-Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990. 20 Poore, Benjamin Perley, comp. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774–March 4, 1881. US 48th Cong. , 2nd sess. Misc. Doc. 67. Washington: GPO, 1885.The Published Proceedings of a Conference Hualde, Jose Ignacio. â€Å"Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque. † Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Ed. Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc. , 2000. 348–58. Freed, Barbara F. , ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf. , Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991. An Unpublished DissertationBoyle, Anthony T. â €Å"The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516– 1657. † Diss. New York U, 1983. A Published Dissertation Dietze, Rudolf F. Ralph Ellison: The Genesis of an Artist. Diss. U Erlangen-Nurnberg, 1982. Erlanger Beitrage zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70. Nurnberg: Carl, 1982. 4. 2 Journals and Newspapers An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination Hanks, Patrick. â€Å"Do Word Meanings Exist? † Computers and the Humanities 34 (2000): 205–15. Mann, Susan. â€Å"Myths of Asian Womanhood. † Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000): 835–62. An Article in a Journal that pages each issue separatelyAlbada, Kelly F. â€Å"The Public and Private Dialogue about the American Family on Television. † Journal of Communication 50. 4 (2000): 79–110. Some journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Treat the issue numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers. 21 An Article in a Newspaper J eromack, Paul. â€Å"This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor. † New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed. : B7+. Abbreviate months as follows: Jan. , Feb. , Mar. , Apr. , May, June, July, Aug. , Sept. , Oct. , Nov. , Dec. An Article in a Magazine Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. â€Å"Exploding Myths. † New Republic 6 June 1998: 17–19.An Anonymous Article â€Å"Dubious Venture. † Time 3 Jan. 1994: 64–65. A Special Issue Perret, Delphine, and Marie-Denise Shelton, eds. Maryse Conde. Spec. issue of Callaloo 18. 3 (1995): 535–711. Somin, Ilya. â€Å"Do Politicians Pander? † State Autonomy. Spec. issue of Critical Review 14. 2–3 (2000): 147–55. A Legal Source New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct. of the US. 25 June 2001. 4. 3 Electronic Publications Basic Entry Document from Internet Site Zeki, Semir. â€Å"Artistic Creativity and the Brain. † Science 6 July 2001: 51–52. Science Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. For the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002 . Entire Internet SiteElectronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 2002. Alderman Lib. , U of Virginia. 19 June 2002 . Online Books Nagata, Linda. Goddesses. 2000. Scifi. com. 4 Oct. 2002 . Keats, John. â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. † Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby. com: Great Books Online. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 2002. 5 May 2002 . United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. Dec. 2001. 29 June 2002 . 22 Online Periodicals Butler, Darrell L. , and Martin Sellbom. â€Å"Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching and Learning. † Educause Quarterly 25. 2 (2002): 22–28. Educause. Aug. 2002 . Publications on CD-ROM, Diskette or Magnetic Tape It is important to state the publication medium as different formats may be different. Braunmuller, A. R. , ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 19 94. E-mail Communication Harner, James L. E-mail to the author. 20 Aug. 2002. 23 5 – Formatting and Presentation 5. 1 Page Size and Quality: AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for submission of proposal / synopsis. Minimum paper weight should be 80 grams. 5. 2 Page Setup / Margins: At least 1? -1? inches (3. 17-3. 81cm) on the right-hand side, 3/4 – 1 inch (2 2. 54cm) at the bottom of the page, and about ? 0. 75 inches (1. 27 – 1. 90cm) at the outer edge. 5. 3 Page Numbering: The best position for the page number is at top-centre or top right ? inch (1. 27 cm) below the edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable paginated. 5. 4 Font: New Times Roman font should be used throughout the proposal / synopsis. 5. 5 Font Size: Title Page 22 (Bold) Chapter Titles 16 (Bold) Headings 14 (Bold) Sub Headings 12 (Bold) Text 12 Footnotes / End notes 10 Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted 5. 6 Paragraph Setting: Line spacing sh ould be 1. 5 and all the paragraph should be justified (Ctrl + J).No tab is required at the starting of a new paragraph. Use one line space between paragraphs for differentiation. 5. 7 Number of Copies: The students are required to submit 20 to 25 copies (as per coordinator’s directive) other than the master copy, to be presented to Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR). 5. 8 Binding: Only one master copy should be in tape binding with plastic cover and no need of binding for the rest of copies. 5. 9 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal: The students are required to send a PDF copy of their research proposal to the program coordinator on the following e-mail address: [email  protected] edu. pk 25 Research Proposal The Role of Contingency Employees in Organizational Performance (A Case Study of Islamia College, Peshawar) By Nisar Muhammad M. S – Management Sciences Student I. D: 4818 Supervisor Dr. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Department of Management Sciences ________________________________________________________________ Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar. 26 Recommendation Sheet Certified that the research proposal of Mr / Ms. [Your Official Name], Student I. D # 0000, with the title â€Å"Research Title [ Bold,14pt, Title Case]† has been reviewed and recommended to be presented toBoard of Advance Studies and Research (BOASAR) for final review and approval. ______________________ Supervisor: Dr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Research Problem / Questionâ € ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4. Research Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 5. Hypothesis (Optional).. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 6. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 7. Significance of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 8. Scope and Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 9. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 28 The Role of Contingency Employees in OrganizationalPerformance (A Case Study of Islamia College Peshawar) By: Nisar Muhammad 1. Introduction: The proposal should start with proper headings and sub-headings as per suggested standard format. 29 Student Profile Paste a passport size e-photo here Name: ____________________________ s/o _________________________________ Program: _________________________ ID #: ____________________ Cell No: _______________________ Land Line No: ___________________________ Email: ____________________________________ Educational Qualification: (Starting From the highest Degree) Certificate / Degree Year Division / GradeBoard / University Professional Experience: S. No Organization Designation From To 1 2 3 4 Personal Statement (a short paragraph about yourself):____________________________ _____________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ (Signature of the student)